The Treatment of Efficiencies in Merger Review: An International Comparison

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7 Bibliography

Ahdar, Rex, "Consumers, Redistribution of Income and the Purpose of Competition Law", European Competition Law Review, Issue 7, 2002.

Areeda, Philip E., John L. Solow and Herbert Hovenkamp, "Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application", Aspen Law Business, Volume IV, 1998.

Berry, Mark N., "Efficiencies and Horizontal Mergers: In Search of a Defense", San Diego Law Review, vol. 33: 515, 1996.

Bork, Robert, The Antitrust Paradox, New York: Basic Books, 1978.

Brittan, Sir Leon, Competition Policy and Merger Control in the Single European Market, Cambridge: Grotius Publications Limited, 1991.

Camesasca, Peter D.: "The Explicit Efficiency Defence in Merger Control: Does it Make the Difference", European Competition Law Review, Issue 1, 1999.

Church, Jeffrey and Roger Ware, Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach, Toronto: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Coase, Ronald, "The Nature of the Firm", Economica, 4, 1937, 386-405.

Corones, S.G., Restrictive Trade Practices Law, The Law Book Company Limited, 1994.

Corones, S. G., Competition Law in Australia, 2nd edition, LBC Information Services, 1999.

Gardner, Nick, A Guide to United Kingdom and European Union Competition Policy, Macmillan Press, 3rd edition, 2000.

Griffin, Joseph P. and Leeanne T. Sharp, "Efficiency Issues in Competition Analysis in Australia, The European Union, and the United States", Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 64, 1996.

Fejø, Jens: "EU-konkurrenceret", Jurist- og Oekonomforbundets Forlag, 1997.

Hildebrand, Doris: " The Role of Economic Analysis in the EC Competition Rules", Kluwer Law International, 1998.

Jenny, Frédéric, "EEC Merger Control: Economies as an Antitrust Defense or an Antitrust Attack?", Fordham Corp. L. Inst. , 1992.

Kolasky, William J. and Andrew R. Dick, "The Merger Guidelines and the Integration of Efficiencies into Antitrust Review of Horizontal Mergers", US Department of Justice: http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/hmerger.htm , Celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Guidelines, June 10th 2002.

Korah, Valentine, An Introductory Guide to EC Competition Law and Practice, Hart Publishing, 7th edition, 2000.

Lane, Robert, EC Competition Law, 2000, Pearson Education Limited.

Liebenstein, Harvey, "Allocative Efficiency vs. 'X-Efficiency'", American Economic Review, 56, 392-415.

McFetridge, Donald, "Merger Enforcement Under the Competition Act after Ten Years", Review of Industrial Organization, 13, 1998, 25-56.

Miller, R., Miller's Annotated Trade Practices Act 1974, Sydney, Lawbook Co., 23rd edition, 2002.

Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), The Determinants and Effects of Mergers: An International Comparison, Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain Publishers, 1980.

Muris, Timothy J., "The Government and Merger Efficiencies: Still Hostile after All these Years", George Mason Law Review, 7, 1999.

Neven, Damien, Penelope Papandropoulous & Paul Seabrigth: "Trawling for Minnows: European Competition Policy and Agreements between firms", 1998, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research

Noël, Pierre-Emmanuel: "Efficiency considerations in the assessment of horizontal mergers under European and U.S. antitrust law", European Competition Law Review, 1997 Nov., Vol. 18, No. 8, S. 498-519.

Posner, Richard, Antitrust Law, (2nd edition), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Rowley, Donald I., William J. Baker, International Mergers - The Antitrust Process, Sweet & Maxwell, London. 3rd Edition, 2000.

Röller, Lars-Hendrik, Johan Stennek and Frank Verboven, "Efficiency Gains from Mergers", European Economy, No. 5, 2001

Warner, Mark A. A., Efficiencies and Merger Review in Canada, the European Community, and the United States: Implications for Convergence and Harmonization", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol 26, 1994.

Werden, Gregory, "An Economic Perspective on the Analysis of Meger Efficiencies", Antitrust, Summer 1997, 12-16.

Whish, Richard, Competition Law, Fourth Edition, Butterworths, 2001.

Wilks, Stephen, In the Public Interest, Manchester University Press, 1999.

Williams, Philip L. and Graeme Woodbridge, "Antitrust Merger Policy: Lessons from the Australian Experience", in T. Ito and A. Krueger (eds.), Privatization, Corporate Governance and Transition Economies, East Asia Seminar on Economics Vol. 12, National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming.

Williamson, Oliver E., "Economies as an Antitrust Defense: The Welfare Trade-offs", American Economic Review, 58, 1968, 18-36.

Williamson, Oliver, E., "Transaction Cost Economics", in R. Schmalensee and R. Willig (eds.) Handbook of Industrial Organization, 1989, Amsterdam: North Holland, 135-182.

Guidelines, Government Studies and Speeches:

Australia:
Report: "Making markets work: Directions - into 2000" ACCC, 1999.

Speech by Commissioner Ross Jones, "The Rationale for Merger Laws", at The Thirteenth annual workshop of the Competition Law and Policy Institute of New Zealand, August 2, 2002.

Merger Guidelines, June 1999, ACCC.

Fels, Allen "Merger Law in Australia", ICN Merger Review Working Group, Analytical Framework Sub-Group, Sept. 11, 2002. http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/

United Kingdom:
"Mergers: A guide to procedures under the Fair Trading Act 1973", Office of Fair Trading, edition 01/01.

White Paper: "A world Class Competition Regime", Department of Trade and Industry, July 2001.

"How the Commission Investigates",
http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/our_role/how_investigate/index.htm

Speech by Chairman of the Competition Commission, Dr. Derek Morris, "Competition Policy and Regulation in the UK: A New Era" November 29th, 2000, Lancaster University, http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/our_peop/members/chair_speeches/html/chair.htm

European Union:
Merger Regulation, Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 2659/2000 of 29 November 2000 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of research and development agreements. OJ L 304, 05/12/2000 p. 0007 - 0012.

Commission Notice: Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 of the EC Treaty to horizontal cooperation agreements, (2001/C 3/02).

Commission Notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 447/98.

Commission Notice on the definition of the relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ C 372 on 9/12/1997.

Commission Notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89.

Community Merger Control Green Paper on the review of the merger regulation (1996).

Green Paper on the Review of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89, COM (2001) 745/6, Brussels, 11.12.2001.

Form CO relating to the notification of a concentration pursuant to Regulation (EEC) 4064/89.

Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 81(1) of the Treaty establisking the European Community (de minimis), (2001/C 368/07).

Speech by Mario Monti: "Review of the EC Merger Regulation - Roadmap for the reform project" Conference on Reform of European Merger Control, June 4th, 2002

United States:
Horizontal Merger Guidelines 1997, U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission.

Speech by Assistant Attorney General Charles A. James, "Antitrust in the Early 21st Century: Core Values and Convergence", Program on Antitrust Policy in the 21st Century, Brussels, May 15th 2002.

Speech by Chairman Robert Pitofsky, "Efficiencies in Defense of Mergers: 18 Months after", George Mason Law Review, Antitrust Symposium: The Changing Face of Efficiency, October 16, 1998.

"Description of Analytical Framework under United States Merger Law", Annex for Issue Paper for 2002 Naples Conference, Mergers Working Group, Analytical Framework Sub-Group, International Competition Network.

Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations Among Competitors, Issued by the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice, April 2000.

OECD:
OCDE/GD(96)65 "Competition Policy and Efficiency Claims in Horizontal Agreements"

List of Cases:

Australia:
Re Australian Pharmaceutical Industries Limited and Sigma Company Limited, A30215, 11 September 2002

Trade Practices Commission v. Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd (1978) 32 F.L.R. 305.

Arnotts Ltd v. TPC (1990) 24 FCR 313

Davids Holding Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (1994) 49 FCR 221; ATPR 41-304 at 42,098

Email Ltd./Simpson Ltd. (1981) ATPR (CCH) 50-001.

Re Pasminco Ltd. (1988) ATPR (Com.) 50-082.

Re 7-Eleven Stores Pty Ltd (1994) ATPR 41-357

Re ACI Operations Pty Ltd (1991) ATPR (Com) 50-108

Re QCMA (1976) ATPR 40-012

Re Rural Traders Co-operative (WA) Ltd. & Ors. (1979), ATPR 40-110

Re Howard Smith, (1977) 15 ALR 645

Re Dupont, CA 95/23-24

Re Wattyl (Australia) Pty Ltd., Courtaulds (Australia) Pty Ltd. (1996) ATPR 50-232.

Re Davids Limited / QIW Limited, Case No: CA96/3

Re Adelaide Brighton/Cockburn Cement, A90682, date: 30 April 1999.

European Union:
Renault/Volvo, Date 07.11.1990.Case No IV/M004 -

Europemballage and Continental Can v. Commission (6/72), ECR 215

Commission Decision in Tetra Pak I, 26.7.1988, L 272/27

Aerospatiale-Alenia/de Havilland, Commission Decision 91/619/EEC of October 2nd 1991.

Accor/Wagon-Lits, Case No. IV/M.126, 1992 O.J.. (L2041) 1; 5 C.M.L.R. M13 (1993)

MSG Media Service Case No IV/M.469

Danish Crown/Vestjyske Slagterier, Commission Decision 2000/42/EC of 9 March 1999 (OJ L 20, 25.1.2000).

Nordic Satellite Distribution, Case No. IV/M.490, 5 C.M.L.R. 258 (1995).

Mercedes Benz/Kassbohrer, Case IV/M.477 (Feb. 14, 1995), [1995] O.J. L211/1.

United Kingdom:
R. v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, exp. Lonrho [1989] 1 W.L.R. 525,

Berisford/British Sugar Corporation 1981 HC 241, March 1981.

Scottish & Newcastle/Matthew Brown (1985)

Rockwool Limited and Owens-Corning Building Products (UK) Limited: A report on the proposed merger, 07.05.99.

Capital Radio Plc and Virgin Radio Holdings Limited: A report on the proposed acquisition, C3817, 13.01.1998.

Rockwool Limited and Owens-Corning Building Products (UK) Limited: A report on the proposed merger, 07.05.99

Stagecoach Holdings plc/Chesterfield Transport (1989) Limited, 18.1.96. Summary account from Competition Commission,

Swedish Match/Alleghany, Cm 227 21.10.87

IMS Health Inc./Pharmaceutical Marketing Inc Cm 4261, 2001.

Alanod Aluminium-Veredlung GmbH & Co/Metalloxyd Ano-Coil Ltd, Cm 4545 (2000)

United States:
Brown Shoe Co. v. U.S., 370 U.S. 294 (1962)

FTC v. Procter & Gamble Co. 386 U.S. 568 (1967)

U.S. v. Philadelphia National Bank, 374 U.S. 321 (1963)

Cargill, Inc. v. Monfort of Colorado, Inc. 479 U.S. 104 (1986)

U.S. v. General Dynamics Co., 415 U.S. 486 (1974).

U.S. v. International Harvester Co., 564 F.2d 769 (7th Cir. 1977).

Continental TV Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. 433 U.S. 36 (1977)

Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. 441 U.S. 1 (1979).

United States v. Arnold Schwinn & Company, 388 U.S. 365 (1967).

FTC v. University Health, Inc. 938 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1991)

U.S. v. Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 938 F. Supp. 121 (E.D.N.Y 1997)

FTC v. H. J. Heinz Co. 246 F.3d 708 (D.C. Cir. 2001).

U.S. v. Country Lakes Foods, Inc., 754 F. Supp. 669 (D. Minn. 1990)

FTC v. Staples, Inc. 970 F. Supp. 1066 (D.D.C 1997).

United States v. Ivaco, Inc., 704 F. Supp. 1409, 1420 (W.D. Mich. 1989)